Annotated bibliography

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References

Kairo M.T.K., M.J.W. Cock. and M.M. Quinlan (2003). An assessment of the use of the Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents (ISPM No. 3) since its endorsement as an international standard Biocontrol News and Information 24: 27N
This review assesses the use of ISPM No. 3 since it became an international standard for making decisions about biological control agents. It was found that ISPM No. 3 or similar national procedures have been applied in most cases to support decisions regarding import and release of exotic biological control agents since 1996. It has provided a mechanism for formalizing current good practice and provided internationally accepted standards to countries with little experience in implementing biological control. Limitations in implementation of ISPM No. 3 included lack of technical capacity and appropriate quarantine facilities. Case studies for decisions by Kenya, Colombia, the Caribbean, Yemen, Samoa and Brazil are discussed to provide further insights into the use of ISPM No. 3 over its first seven years.

Kaufman L.V. and Wright M.G. (2009). The impact of exotic parasitoids on populations of a native Hawaiian moth assessed using life table studies. Oecologia 159: 295-304
This study investigated the impact of introduced Hymenoptera parasitoids on the Hawaiian moth Udea stellata (Butler) which has seven alien parasitoids associated with it. The study determined the relative contribution of the seven parasitoid species to the population dynamics of U. stellata. The factors found to contributed to total mortality were: disappearance (42.1%), death due to unknown reasons during rearing (16.5%) and parasitism (4.9%). Adventive parasitoids inflicted greater total larval mortality attributable to parasitism (97.0%) than purposely introduced species (3.0%).

Kaupp W.J., Barber K.N., Fick W.E., Ebling P.M., Ladd T.R. and Holmes .SB. (2011). Host-range testing of a mixture of two nucleopolyhedroviruses of Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist 143: 165-177.

Kay N. and Hill R.L. (in press). The disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae and the biological control of Buddleja davidii. In: Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, (Ed.) Montpellier, France.

Kean J.M. and Barlow N.D. (2000). Can host-parasitoid metapopulations explain successful biological control? Ecology 81: 2188-2197.

Kean J.M. and Kumarasinghe L. (2007). Predicting the seasonal phenology of fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) in New Zealand. New Zealand Plant Protection 60: 279-285.

Kelleher J.S. and Hulme M.A. (1984). Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada 1969-1980. CAB, Farnham Common, UK. 410 pp.

Kimber W., Glatz R., Caon G. and Roocke D. (2010). Diaeretus essigellae Stary and Zuparko (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiini), a biological control for Monterey pine aphid, Essigella californica (Essig) (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Cinarini): host-specificity testing and historical context Australian Journal of Entomology 49: 377-387

Kimberling D.N. (2004). Lessons from history: predicting successes and risks of intentional introductions for arthropod biological control. Biological Invasions 6: 301-318.
The US National Invasive Species Management Plan (2001) calls for better screening methods for biological control agent introductions. Literature searches were used to develop a database of 13 life history traits and 8 descriptive variables for 87 insect biological control species in the United States. Models for predicting success in controlling a target species and likelihood of nontarget effects were developed using logistic regression. The most important life history traits for predicting success included host specificity, whether the agent was a predator or parasitoid, and number of generations per year. Traits important for predicting nontarget effects included sex ratio of progeny and the presence of native natural enemies.

Kindlmann P. and Dixon A.F.G. (1999). Generation time ratios - determinants of prey abundance in insect predator-prey interactions. Biological Control 16: 133-138.

Kitt J.T. and Keller M.A. (1998). Host selection by Aphidius rosae Haliday (Hym., Braconidae) with respect to assessment of host specificity in biological control. Journal of Applied Entomology 122: 57-63

Kluge R.L. (2000). The future of biological control of weeds with insects: no more 'paranoia', no more 'honeymoon'. Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds: 459-467
Two issues are considered in this paper: first the 'paranoia' about the threat of biocontrol agents to non-target plant species, and second, the 'honeymoon' regarding the lack of accountability for projects that failed to achieve their desired objectives. Proposals are made to deal with five current pressures that biological control of weeds is facing, the image of the discipline, host specificity verification, selection of candidates, funding and regulatory requirements.

Knudsen I.M.B., Hockenhull J., Jensen D.F., Gerhardson B., Hokeberg M., Tahvonen R., Teperi E., Sundheim L. and Henriksen B. (1997). Selection of biological control agents for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases in the field. European Journal of Plant Pathology 103: 775.

Knutson L. and Coulson J.R. (1997). Procedures and policies in the USA regarding precautions in the introduction of classical biological control agents. EPPO/CABI workshop on safety and efficacy of biological control in Europe 27: 133-142.
Scientists, administrators and others have long recognized the need to ensure that natural enemies of weeds do not attack commercially or horticulturally important plants and to ensure that natural enemies of insects do not attack beneficial species. Procedures for testing the host specificity of the natural enemies of weeds in their area of origin, before shipment to the country of release, have been developed to quite high levels of reliability but there is need for further improvements. All applications for permission to introduce biocontrol agents are examined by an Inter-agency Technical Advisory Committee for Biological Control of Weeds (TAGBCW) before import permits are issued by the relevant authority (USDA APHIS/PPQ). TAGBCW review includes study of research plans and of lists of host plants for testing host specificity. It is considered that there is relatively little need for host-range testing of most parasitoids because these are generally co-evolved and intimately related organisms that are restricted to one or a few host species. Concern about the potential impact of oligophagous predators on non-target organisms has increased recently and is a developing field of research. The import permit system in the USA is presented, and two suggestions for changes in European permit procedures are suggested.

Kriticos D.J. (2003). The roles of ecological models in evaluating weed biological control agents and projects. Pp. 69-74 In: Improving the selection, testing and evaluation of weed biological control agents. Proceedings of the CRC for Australian Weed Management biological control of weeds symposium and workshop, J. H. Spafford and D. T. Briese (Ed.) University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia, CRC for Australian Weed Management, Adelaide, Australia, 13 September 2002.

Kriticos D.J. and Randall R.P. (2001). A comparison of systems to analyse potential weed distributions. Pp. 61-79 in: Groves R.H., Panetta F.D. and Virtue J.G. ed. Weed Risk Assessment. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.

Kriticos D.J., Brown J.R., Radford I.D. and Nicholas M. (1999). Plant population ecology and biological control: Acacia nilotica as a case study. Biological Control 16

Krombein K.V., Hurd P.D., Smith D.R. and Burks B.D. (1979). Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA

Krugner R., Johnson M.W., Groves R.L. and Morse J.G. (2008). Host specificity of Anagrus epos : a potential biological control agent of Homalodisca vitripennis. Biocontrol 53: 439-449
Anagrus epos Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is a candidate for a classical biological control program targeting the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in California. Mass production of GWSS is expensive and labor-intensive and a factitious host that is more economical to produce is required. The use of a factitious host and potential nontarget effects of this generalist parasitoid are discussed.

Kuhlmann U., Mason P.G. and Greathead D.J. (1998). Assessment of potential risks for introducing European Peristenus species as biological control agents of native Lygus species in North America: a cooperative approach. Biocontrol News and Information 19: 83n-90n.
The pest status of Lygus species in North America and history of European collections and importations of Peristenus species into North America is described. Strategies and methods for host specificity testing of parasitoids are outlined and discussed in relation to the selection of non-target and native Lygus species for testing with Peristenus parasitoids. European Peristenus species are identified and their life histories outlined. It is concluded that cooperative research in Europe and North America is needed to assess the potential risks for the introduction of European Peristenus species for control of Lygus species in North America.

Kuhlmann U., Mason P.G., Hinz H.L., Blossey B., De Clerck-Floate R.A., Dosdall L.M., McCaffrey J.P., Schwarzlaender M., Olfert O., Brodeur J., Gassmann A., McClay A.S. and Wiedenmann R.N. (2006). Avoiding conflicts between insect and weed biological control: selection of non-target species to assess host specificity of cabbage seedpod weevil parasitoids. Journal of Applied Entomology 130: 129-141
Classical biological control of insect pests and weeds may lead to potential conflicts, where insect pests are closely related to weed biological control agents, e.g. the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) in North America, which belongs to the same subfamily, Ceutorhynchinae, as a number of agents introduced or proposed for introduction for invasive weed species. This paper describes a procedure to develop a non-target species test list for screening candidate entomophagous biological control agents of a herbivore pest insect to simultaneously evaluate non-target potential on weed biological control agents and other non-target species.

Kuhlmann U., Schaffner U. and Mason P.G. (2005). Selection of non-target species for host specificity testing of entomophagous biological control agents. Pp. 566-583 In: Second International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Davos, Switzerland, 12-16 September, 2005, M.S. Hoddle (Ed.) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington.
Recommendations are given for setting up test species lists for arthropod biological control programmes are presented. Ecological similarities, phylogenetic/taxonomic affinities and safeguard considerations are applied to ecological host range information to develop an initial test list, which is then filtered by eliminating those with different spatial, temporal and morphological attributes and those species that are not readily obtained. The reduced test list is used for the actual testing but can be revised if new information indicates that more species should be included.

Kuhlmann U., Schaffner U. and Mason P.G. (2006). Selection of non-target species for host specificity testing. Pp. 15-37 In: Environmental impact of invertebrates for biological control of arthropods: methods and risk assessment F. Bigler, D. Babendreier and U. Kuhlmann (Ed.) CABI Publishing, Wallinford, Oxford.

Kuris A.M. (2003). Did biological control cause extinction of the coconut moth, Levuana iridescens, in Fiji? Biological Invasions 5: 133-141.
Biological control of Levuana iridescens, the endemic coconut moth of Fiji, was so successful that this pest of the copra crop had been reduced to almost undetectable levels by the tachinid fly, Bessa remota. This example is presented in the modern literature as the first and best documented extinction of a species due to biological control and portrayed as an example of the highly controversial practice of neoclassical biological control. However, the moth was likely not to be native to Fiji and might have spread to other island groups in the South Pacific, and may not be extinct. A strategy to search for L. iridescens populations is proposed and development of biological control of B. remota, using hyperparasitoids, is possible.

Kuske S., Babendreier D., Edwards P., Turlings T.C.J. and Bigler F. (2004). Parasitism of non-target Lepidoptera by mass released Trichogramma brassicae and its implication for the larval parasitoid Lydella thompsoni. Biocontrol 49: 1-19.
The release of high numbers of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezd. (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) to control the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lep.: Crambidae) in maize has raised concerns about potential negative effects on native natural enemies, particularly Lydella thompsoni Herting (Dipt.: Tachinidae) Inundative releases of T. brassicae coincide with the oviposition period of the alternative hosts of the tachinid. T. brassicae upon which it relies in spring. Laboratory host specificity tests showed that the tachinid's two most abundant spring hosts are successfully parasitised by T. brassicae females in no-choice situations. Field surveys, however, showed that the two spring hosts escape parasitism since their eggs are well hidden or not attractive, and the study concluded that negative effects of inundative releases of T. brassicae on the native tachinid fly L. thompsoni, are unlikely.