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References

Yanek M.L. and Raffa K.F. (2008). Evaluation of Gypchek and its carrier on various Lepidoptera species under laboratory conditions. Great Lakes Entomologist 41: 27-39
Gypchek is a gypsy moth-specific nucleopolyhedrosis virus applied in conjunction with Carrier 038-A, a surfactant and sunscreen. Carrier 038-A alone and with Gypchek was tested on an endangered species, the Karner blue butterfly ( Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov), tobacco hornworm ( Manduca sexta L.), L. dispar , and seven other Lepidoptera species. Where there was evidence of nontarget effects with a high dose the authors continued with a method to approximate field application. Eight species were unaffected. Gypsy moth was sensitive to Gypchek as expected but not to its carrier, and L. m. samuelis showed putative effects which warranted further testing. With simulated field spray-deposition, there was no impact of carrier 038-A or Gypcheck with carrier on L. m. samuelis larvae. The authors further concluded that the partial canopy cover of oak savannas and partially asynchronous phenology with L. dispar would reduce exposure to L. m. samuelis .

Yara K., Sasawaki T. and Kunimi Y. (2010). Hybridization between introduced Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) and indigenous T. beneficus (late-spring strain), parasitoids of the Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Biological Control 54: 14-18

Yodzis P. (1988). The indeterminancy of ecological interactions as perceived through perturbation experiments. Ecology 69: 508-515.