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References

Aeschlimann J.P. (1983). Notes on the variability of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 20: 329-335.
The authory describes some characteristics of Mediterranean biotypes of the parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides Loan. Laboratory experiments and field observations have shown that that there are several geographical as well as host-associated biotypes of the parasite.

Aeschlimann J.P. (1989). On the importance of assessing the quality of beneficial organisms mass-produced for use in biological control programmes against noxious plants and animals. Boletin Sanidad Vegetal, Fuera de Serie No. 17: 377-382.
Examples are given illustrating the importance of continuous quality assessment of biological control agents, which have been mass-reared for field use, are described. Examples include the curculionid Rhinocyllus conicus which attacks thistle species and braconids in the genus Microctonus used to control curculionids.

Aeschlimann J.P. (1995). Lessons from post-release investigations in classical biological control: the case of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hym., Braconidae) introduced into Australia and New Zealand for the biological control of Sitona discoideus Gyllenhal (Col., Curculionidae). Pp. 75-83 In: Biological Control: Benefits and Risks, H.M.T. Hokkanen and J.M. Lynch (Ed.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Alaphilippe A., Elad Y., David D.R., Derridj S. and Gessler C. (2008). Effects of a biocontrol agent of apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) on the host plant and on non-target organisms: an insect pest (Cydia pomonella) and a pathogen (Venturia inaequalis). Biocontrol Science and Technology 18: 121-138
Non-target effects of sprayed applications of a potential biocontrol agent, an epiphytic yeast isolate called Y16, of apple powdery mildew Podosphaera leucotricha Ell. Et Ev.), on scab infections (Venturia inaequalis Cooke Winter), on codling moth oviposition and damage and apple quality were examined. The BCA affected neither conidia germination of V. inaequalis nor their penetration of the leaf tissue but suppressed the disease caused by this pathogen. The quantity of eggs laid by the codling moth during its second flight period on yeast treated trees was significantly different, but inconsistent from year to year, the differences attributed to year-to-year variation in environmental conditions, which may affect yeast survival and activity. A 2-month-long assay was conducted in the orchard during the codling moth's second flight period from mid-July until mid-September. The yeast treatment did not affect the damage caused by the codling moth to the fruits or any of the examined fruit quality parameters.

Althoff D.M. (2003). Does parasitoid attack strategy influence host specificity? A test with New World braconids. Ecological Entomology 28: 500-502.
Parasitoid attack strategy has been divided into koinobiosis and idiobiosis, based on the arrest of host development and the intimacy of larval contact. Comparisons from specific host communities have shown that koinobionts are more host specific than idiobionts. Koinobiont genera utilised fewer host families than idiobionts, suggesting that parasitoid attack strategy may direct the evolution of host specificity throughout the evolutionary history of parasitoid lineages.

Andersen M.C., Ewald M. and Northcott J. (2005). Risk analysis and management decisions for weed biological control agents: Ecological theory and modelling results. Biological Control 35: 330-337.
The risks posed by weed biological control agents, and a simple model of herbivorous insect movement and oviposition on two species of host plant, a target invasive plant species and a non-target native species, in simulated landscapes is discussed. The model shows that risks of non-target impacts may be influenced by movement behaviour of biological control agents in heterogeneous landscapes. The authors conclude that such models should be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy of risk assessment for proposed weed biological control agents.

Andreas J.E., Schwarzlander M. and Clerck-Floate R.d (2008). The occurrence and potential relevance of post-release, nontarget attack by Mogulones cruciger, a biocontrol agent for Cynoglossum officinale in Canada. Biological Control 46: 304-311
The root-mining weevil Mogulones cruciger, was approved and released in Canada, but was not approved for release in the United States, to control Cynoglossum officinale. Confamilial species co-occurring with C. officinale at six M. cruciger release sites in Alberta and British Columbia were assessed over a two year period. All four co-occurring species were attacked by the weevil to varying degrees, although attack was inconsistent between years and sites and nontarget species were attacked to a lesser degree than C. officinale. There was a positive relationship between the probability of nontarget attack and C. officinale attack rate by M. cruciger suggesting that the immigration of M. cruciger into the US may expose certain Boraginaceae to nontarget attack, but the risk to native species is unknown.

Araj S.A., Wratten S.D., Lister A.J. and Buckley H.L. (2006). Floral nectar affects longevity of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi and its hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus aphidum. New Zealand Plant Protection 59: 178-183.

Arnett A.E. and Louda S.M. (2002). Re-test of Rhinocyllus conicus host specificity, and the prediction of ecological risk in biological control. Biological Conservation 106: 251-257.
Rhinocyllus conicus was released in North America to control exotic thistles. It is now reducing seed production by multiple native North American thistle species. It was hypothesized that host specificity of R. conicus has changed since pre-release testing, providing an explanation for the unexpected magnitude of the documented ecological effects, however, this was not the case. The authors concluded that accurate prediction of the potential level of impact on native host plants in the field requires further ecological information in addition to host specificity.

Ash G.J., Chung Y.R., McKenzie C. and Cother E.J. (2008). A phylogenetic and pathogenic comparison of potential biocontrol agents for weeds in the family Alismataceae from Australia and Korea. Australasian Plant Pathology 37: 402-405
Plants in the family Alismataceae are weeds of rice in Australia and Korea. Research programs have investigated the use of inundative plant-pathogenic fungi for biological control of these weeds. Recent studies have shown a close phylogenetic relationship between the organisms under investigation in the two countries. A survey of Alismataceae weeds in southern South Korea was carried out and fungal isolations were made from the diseased specimens. The isolates overlapped between those previously described in Korea as Plectosporium tabacinum and the newly named P. alismatis. The host range testing on australian weeds in the glasshouse showed that the isolates from Korea were less pathogenic than the Australian isolates. Therefore, although the isolates were phylogenetically related, the isolates from Korea did not show greater virulence or a wider or different host range than the Australian isolates.

Askew R.R. (1994). Parasitoids of leaf-mining Lepidoptera: what determines their host ranges? Pp. 177-202 In: Parasitoid community ecology, B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan (Ed.) Oxford University Press, Oxford

Askew R.R. and Shaw M.R. (1986). Parasitoid communities: their size, structure and development. Pp. 225-264 In: Insect parasitoids, J.K. Waage and D.J. Greathead (Ed.) Academic Press, London.

Asquith A. and Miramontes E. (2001). Alien parasitoids in native forests: the ichneumonoid wasp community in Hawaiian rainforest. Pp. 54-67 In: Balancing nature: assessing the impact of importing non-native biological control agents (an international perspective), J.A. Lockwood, F.G. Howarth and M. Purcell (Ed.) Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland.

Aubert B. and Quilici S. (1983). Nouvel �quilibre biologique observe � la R�union sur les populations de psyllides apr�s l�introduction et l��stablissement d�hymenopteres chalcidiens. Fruits 38: 771-780.

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