Annotated bibliography

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References

Davies J.T., Ireson, J.E. and Allen G.R., (2005). The impact of gorse thrips, ryegrass competition, and simulated grazing on gorse seedling performance in a controlled environment. Biological Control 32: 280-286

Day M.D. (1999). Continuation trials: their use in assessing the host range of a potential biological control agent. Pp. 11-19 In: Host specificity testing in Australasia: towards improved assays for biological control, T.M. Withers, L. Barton-Brown and J. Stanley (Ed.) CRC for Tropical Pest Management, Brisbane.

de Clercq, P., Mason, P. and Babendreier, D. (2011). Benefits and risks of exotic biological control agents. Biocontrol 56: 681-698
The use of exotic arthropods in biological control programs has yielded huge economic and ecological benefits. However, non-target effects of exotic biological control agents have been observed in a number of projects. Non-target effects range from very small effects, to massive effects on a large scale. This paper reviews both the benefits of biological control as well as the associated risks and an attempt is made at identifying the major challenges for assessing risks and for balancing benefits and risks. While sound risk assessment procedures preceding release of biological control agents are advocated, overly stringent regulations that would preclude promising agents from being developed must be avoided.

de Leon J.H., Neumann G., Follett P.A. and Hollingsworth R.G. (2010). Molecular markers discriminate closely related species Encarsia diaspidicola and Encarsia berlesei (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): biocontrol candidate agents for white peach scale in Hawaii. Journal of Economic Entomology 103: 3, 908-916.
The authors characterized Encarsia diapsidicola Silvestri and Encarsia berlesei Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) by phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and intersimple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) DNA fingerprinting. These closely related parasitoids are candidate biological control agents for the white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozetti (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in Hawaii. Both molecular marker types successfully discriminated the two Encarsia spp., but the COI markers were considered useful to assess levels of parasitism in the field and to study competitive interactions between parasitoids.

de Nardo E.A.B. and Hopper K.R. (2004). Using the literature to evaluate parasitoid host ranges: a case study of Macrocentrus grandii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) introduced into North America to control Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Biological Control 31: 280-295

DeBach P. (1974). Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University Press, London.

DeBach P. and Rosen D. (1991). Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Delalibera J.I. (2009). Biological Control of the Cassava Green Mite in Africa with Brazilian Isolates of the Fungal Pathogen Neozygites tanajoae. Pp. 259-269 In: Use of Microbes for Control and Eradication of Invasive Arthropods. A. E. Hajek, T. R. Glare and M. O'Callaghan (Eds.)

Delfosse E.S. (2005). Risk and ethics in biological control. Biological Control 35: 319-329.
Traditional risk analysis techniques are discussed and adapted for biological control. How people perceive risk is the key to understanding their attitude to risk. Criticisms of biological control relating to inadequate post-release monitoring are valid and the ethical responsibilities of scientists in this area are also discussed.

Denslow J.S. and D'Antonio C.M. (2005). After biocontrol: Assessing indirect effects of insect releases. Biological Control 35: 307-318.
Weeds in conservation land have become a focus of biological control projects where desired outcomes include both reduction of the target and indirect effects of increased diversity and abundance of native species and restoration of ecosystem services. Few quantitative assessments of the impacts of pest plant reduction on community composition or ecosystem processes were found and there was variation in the impacts of agent(s) across the invasive range of the target plant as well as variation in impacts on the invaded ecosystem. Most successful weed management programs integrated the use of biocontrol agents with other weed management strategies, especially modifications of disturbance and competing vegetation.

DePrenger-Levin M.E., Grant TA., Dawson C. (2010). Impacts of the introduced biocontrol agent, Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on the seed production and population dynamics of Cirsium ownbeyi (Asteraceae), a rare, native thistle. Biological Control 55(2): 79-84.
This study evaluated non-target effects of Rhinocyllus conicus Frolich, on Cirsium ownbeyi S.L. Welsh, a rare, native and short-lived perennial thistle in northwestern Colorado, northeastern Utah, and southwestern Wyoming. C. ownbeyi is one of 22 known native hosts on which this introduced weevil has naturalized. The study population remained stable over the eight years of the study despite damage by thebeetle. The growth rate from was 1.03; however, large inter-year variation indicates this rare species is still vulnerable to local extirpation. The target species, Carduus nutans L. (musk thistle) is generally absent near the study plots, which may limit the population levels of R. conicus that can be sustained in this area. Although R. conicus utilizes C. ownbeyi as a host plant, the late flowering and the small size of the flower heads may limit the impact of R. conicus on C. ownbeyi.

Desneux, N., Blahnik, R., Delebecque, C.J. and Heimpel, G.E. (2012). Host phylogeny and specialisation in parasitoids. Ecology Letters 5: 453-460
The authors build upon previous studies of preference- and performance-related traits on the host range of the aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by mapping a series of these traits onto the phylogeny of the (aphid) host species. They found that both classes of traits showed phylogenetic conservatism with respect to host species.

Dhileepan K., Lockett C.J., Balu A., Murugesan S., Perovic D.J. and Taylor D.B.J. (2015). Life cycle and host range of Phycita sp. rejected for biological control of prickly acacia in Australia. Journal of Applied Entomology 139: 800-812.

Dhileepan K., Trevino M. and Raghu S. (2006). Temporal patterns in incidence and abundance of Aconophora compressa (Hemiptera: Membracidae), a biological control agent for Lantana camara, on target and nontarget plants. Environmental Entomology 34: 1001-1012
The membracid Aconophora compressa Walker, released in 1995 to control Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in Australia, has since been collected on several nontarget plant species. A survey suggested that sustained populations of A. compressa were found only on the introduced nontarget ornamental Citharexylum spinosum (Verbenaceae) and the target weed L. camara. However, it was found on other nontarget plant species when populations on C. spinosum and L. camara were high, suggesting a spill-over effect. Some attack on nontarget plants could have been anticipated from host specificity studies done on this agent before release. This raises important issues about predicting risks posed by weed biological control agents and the need for long-term postintroduction monitoring on nontarget species.

Dhileepan K., Wilmot Senaratne K.A.D. and Raghu S. (2006). A systematic approach to biological control exploration and prioritisation for prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica spp. indica). Australian Journal of Entomology 45: 303-307

Drea J.J. (1993). Classical biological control - an endangered discipline? Pp. In: Biological Pollution: The control and impact of invasive exotic species, B.N. McNight (Ed.) Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis.

Duan J.J. and Messing R.H. (1996). Risk analysis and decision-making in biological control - A case study with fruit fly parasitoids. Journal of Agriculture and Human Values 13: 1-10.

Duan J.J. and Messing R.H. (1996). Response of two Opiine fruit fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to the Lantana Gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Environmental Entomology 25: 1428-1437.

Duan J.J. and Messing R.H. (1996). Effect of two Opiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) introduced for fruit fly control on a native Hawaiian Tephritid, Trupanea dubautiae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biological Control 8: 177-184.
Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Psyttalia fletcheri are opiine parasitoids introduced into Hawaii for control of Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera cucurbitae, respectively. Both species have been mass-reared and released for research in augmentative biocontrol programs. The potential impact of mass-produced D. longicaudata and P. fletcheri on a native Hawaiian tephritid, Trupanea dubautiae, infesting the flowerheads of Dubautia raillardioides was investigated. The results demonstrated that biological control programs targeted against frugivorous tephritid pests by D. longicaudata and P. fletcheri have no harmful impact on T. dubautiae.

Duan J.J. and Messing R.H. (1997). Biological control of fruit flies in Hawaii: factors affecting non-target risk analysis. Agriculture and Human Values 14: 227-236.
Examples from both classical and augmentative biological control of fruit fly pests (Tephritidae) in Hawaii were used to address non-target risks of fruit fly parasitoids (Braconidae). A lack of host-specificity testing of parasitoids with non-target species has raised concerns about their impact on non-pest fruit flies, including some flies introduced for weed biological control endemic Hawaiian species. For assessing susceptibility of a non-target species to parasitoids, behavioural tests are as important as suitability tests. Experimental factors, such as host-exposure substrate, absence or presence of preferred hosts, and laboratory vs. natural conditions, were shown to affect the results of host-specificity tests and risk analysis.

Duan J.J. and Messing R.H. (1998). Effect of Tetrastichus giffardianus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on nontarget flowerhead-feeding tephritids (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biological Control 27: 1022-1028.
Laboratory tests and field surveys were conducted in Hawaii to evaluate the impact of a deliberately introduced fruit fly parasitoid, Tetrastichus giffardianus, on 2 nontarget flowerhead-feeding tephritid flies, Trupanea dubautiae and Ensina sonchi. In the laboratory, T. giffardianus were able to parasitize late instars of both T. dubautiae and E. sonchi when they were dissected out of the flower heads, however, no T. dubautiae and few E. sonchi were attacked by T. giffardianus when presented in their respective host flowerheads. So although late instars of both T. dubautiae and E. sonchi are suitable for the physiological development of T. giffardianus progeny, the parasitoid is unlikely to affect either species under natural conditions because the host microhabitats are not suitable for gravid parasitoids to find and oviposit in the fly larvae.

Duan J.J. and Messing R.H. (1999). Effects of origin and experience on patterns of host acceptance by the opiine parasitoid Diachasmimorpha tryoni. Ecological Entomology 24: 284-291.
Parasitoid acceptance of less-preferred hosts or host-substrate complexes may be more amenable to conditioning through prior experience (i.e. learning) than preferred host-substrate complexes. The relevance of these findings to host range expansion of parasitoids used in fruit fly biological control is discussed.

Duan J.J. and Messing R.H. (1999). Evaluating nontarget effects of classical biological control: fruit fly parasitoids in Hawaii as a case study. Pp. 95-109 In: Nontarget effects of biological control introductions, P.A. Follett and J.J. Duan (Ed.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts, USA.

Duan J.J., Ahmad M., Joshi K. and Messing R.H. (1996). Evaluation of the impact of the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on a nontarget tephritid, Eutreta xanthochaeta (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biological Control 8: 58-64.
Field studies were carried out in Hawaii to investigate the effects of the release of Biosteres longicaudatus on Eutreta xanthochaeta, a biological control agent of the weed Lantana camara. In field cages, Bactrocera dorsalis was presented on guavas and lantana twigs with galls. The presence of B. dorsalis or food had minimal effect on visiting and probing of B. longicaudatus and rates of parasitism were very low. It was concluded that an increase in the number of B. longicaudatus will not result in significant losses of E. xanthochaeta or influence the biological control of L. camara.

Duan J.J., Purcell M.F. and Messing R.H. (1996). Parasitoids of non-target tephritid flies in Hawaii: implications for biological control of fruit fly pests. Entomophaga 41: 245-256.

Dymock J.J. (1987). Population changes of the seedfly, Pegohylemyia jacobaeae (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) introduced for biological control of ragwort. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 14:337-342.